Material consisting of solid or fluid carbon combined with master paper for heat or transfer posting machines.

The process of scanning graphic material to convert the image into electric signals which may be transmitted to produce a recorded likeness of the image.

Special glue for edge-padding carbonless papers.

Continuous multiple ply form manufactured from a single wide web which is folded longitudinally.

Act of inspecting skids of paper for defects by hand.

Color that is not affected by light, acids, alkalies or other external stimulus.

Facsimile.

Tendency of an image to spread out.

Edging similar to a deckle edge, a thin rough edge on carbon paper, clear, uncoated. On forms, clear edge extending beyond the opposite end of the form parts.

Term denoting extreme lightness in proportion to bulk. Also a term used to identify lightweight book papers and thin opaque writing papers; airmail papers.

Paper for novels, where good bulk is required for a precise number of pages. Principal raw materials are chemical wood pulp and soda pulp. Basic size: 25" x 38". Basis weight: 50 to 80 lbs/ream.

Rubber wheels that help hold the sheet of paper in position and move it from the feed pile to the grippers.

The section of a printing press which separates the sheets of paper and feeds them into position for printing.

Presses are either sheet or roll-fed.

Term expressing an individual's impression of a paper's finish and stiffness or suppleness.

Abbreviated "fpm," and describes the speed of a papermaking machine in terms of how many feet per minute the forming web of paper traverses the length of the machine.

Woven, endless belt made of wool, cotton or synthetic materials used to transport the paper web on the paper machine, during manufacture. Felts act as conveyors while at the same time removing water from paper as it progresses through the paper machine.

(1) Surface which is achieved at the wet end of the Fourdrinier machine by using felts of a distinctive weave rather than standard or regular wove felts. (2) On a Yankee papermaking machine this finish is accomplished by pressing the felt against the paper under pressure. (3) Felt finishing can also be obtained after the manufacturing process by impressing the felt against the paper under pressure. Also felt mark.

Top side of the paper, opposite from the wire side or underneath. The "right side of the paper".

Drying of paper by festooning it on poles.

A thread-like filament many times longer than its diameter. Smallest unit of vegetable growth which is used to make paper pulps.

A paperboard made from woodpulp and/or containing a percentage of waste paper. End product uses include shoes and luggage.

String-like elements that are loosened from the paper fibers during the beating process. They aid in the bonding process when paper is being manufactured.

Act of loosening the fibrillae during the mechanical process of beating the fibers in preparation for papermaking.

A board, made on a cylinder machine, the center of which is of different fiber than the outside layers.

Minerals, such as clay and other white pigments, added to pulp to improve the printing capabilities of the paper.

A clay additive used to improve the printing properties of paper.

Also referred to as notebook paper. Basic size: 17" x 22". Substance weight: 24 lb/ream. It is made of bleached chemical wood pulps and it is used for 3-ring notebooks, spiral bound books and other applications requiring holes punched near the edges.

Practice of adding minerals to the pulp furnish in the beater that increases printability and other desirable characteristics of the paper. Also known as loading.

To improve the smoothness of certain uncoated book grades, a light film pigmented coating is applied to the paper at the size press of the paper machine.

Firm which confines its sales and distribution activities to fine printing papers only. (See fine papers).

Large category of paper that includes those grades used for writing, printing and cultural purposes.

The most important physical property of paper. The term finish has a broad meaning. It describes surface contour and characteristics measurable by smoothness, gloss, absorptiveness and print quality. Surface character of paper differs greatly. Finish of paper can be aesthetic. It can be functional. The finish of a text or cover paper is more often than not selected by a designer to express an aesthetic view. High fidelity halftone illustrations require a glossy enamel finish. Finish may be a top-priority choice. Or it may be secondary. If high-bulk paper weight is necessary, a low finish, antique paper must be acceptable. The choice of finishes for letterpress or gravure is subject to the limitations of these print methods. Offset lithography does not impose finish limitations since it is capable of printing on almost all surface conditions. Finishes originating during the papermaking process may be described in order of their smoothness--roughest to smoothest. Antique describes the roughest surface. It gives maximum bulk-to-weight ratio. Antique papers are soft to touch. They are used for high-bulk purposes and in those cases where the surface characteristic is required. Papers with a smooth finish are described as having an eggshell finish. It is selected by printers because it is easier to handle after printing. It possesses a greater degree of ink absorbency; which means it has less tendency to set-off. Further smoothing of the paper results in a machine finish or an English Finish. The latter represents the highest possible finish that can be produced on a paper machine. The levels of finish--antique, eggshell, vellum, machine and English--may be measured with instruments in the laboratory. Paper machines are capable of making finishes other than those discussed. A felt finish paper possesses a textured surface provided by marking felt, or by use of rolls with an embossed surface at the press section of the paper machine. In each case, a design is impressed into the paper web while it continues to carry a high percentage of water. Felt finishes so produced are applied to text, cover and superior quality wedding paper. Aside from printing requirements, finishes are chosen for their aesthetic appearances to help designers achieve purpose. Specific end-use requirements may dictate that a paper's surface possesses properties that repel water or grease. Plastic coated cover papers for example resist soiling of any kind, water and grease.

Art in such forms as handlettering, charts, color blocks, illustrations, photographs that are ready for camera.

Covers a wide variety of processes used to finish and package paper.

Discarded paper resulting from any finishing operation.

A strip of paper protruding from a roll or skid of paper. May be used to mark a splice in a roll of paper or used to mark off reams in a skid.

Assembled composite of negatives, usually on goldenrod paper, ready for platemaking.

Press with flatbed and an impression cylinder.

Standard dimensions for flat forms include nine sizes that cut without waste from business paper size 44" x 34". Or, which when combined in multiples of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 or 64, will form press sheets that will cut without waste from standard-size business papers.

Shading effect on an area of a form by screening over that part where the negatives are made.

Areas of dot formation that contain a single tone value.

Paper coming from the paper mill in flat sheets, larger than 17" x 22".

Letterpress printing using relief plates on direct presses. This process of printing uses rubber plates and special aniline inks.

Flint glazing is still another method of achieving high gloss finish. In the process, a coated-one-side paper travels slowly over a supporting surface with its coated side in a direction perpendicular to the direction of web travel. The web moves very slowly so that a smooth stone or stone burnisher has time to make a number of passes over the paper's surface and polish it to a high glaze of patent leather intensity.

Highly glazed, brightly colored paper coated on one side.

Paper loaded into a freight car in a manner that allows it the freedom to shift slightly without damage when the car is bumped in transit.

Decorative paper sized on one side and dusted with fibers of rayon, wool or cotton on the other in imitation of velvet or suede.

Absorbent paperboard which when impressed and dried becomes a matrix for preparing stereotypes.

In reference to printing, when the ink flows onto a printing plate because the ink fountain has not been set properly.

In reference to printing ink, the extent to which it levels out when still a liquid.

Paper that has been manufactured with the addition of fluorescent dyes which give the brilliance that appears brighter when viewed in natural daylight. A variety of whites are produced including green-white, cream-white and blue-white. All are high-white with a large brightness measuring number in the middle 90s. Most popular is neutral white for paper surface efficiency.

Cover of a book that has been trimmed to the same dimensions as the text papers.

Paragraphs without indentations.

Machine which connects the lead end of a new web of paper to be pasted to the tail end of the previous web without ceasing operation.

Unprinted page that is part of a printed signature. It also can be a synonym for end-leaf.

Paper coated with either aluminum or bronze powder finish, or leaf finish.

Short line printed on a business form indicating where it may be folded.

Device at delivery end of a press or collator to fold continuous forms.

Bristol board with good folding ability and printability.

Capability of paper to resist folding determined by the M.I.T. tester or the Schopper Folding Endurance Tester. Also known as fold resistance. For the explanation of the test to determine foldability of paper and board, see Chapter 6.

A ream or sheet in its full size, e.g. 17" x 22", 25" x 38". When used in connection with books, means the sheet has been folded once, producing four pages.

Assortment of type characters of a particular size and style.

Visible physical property of paper influenced by the extent of fiber refining. The term is descriptive of the paper's fibrous structure and point-to-point (caliper thickness) uniformity or lack of it in the distribution of the fibers. Increased refining improves the quality of formation. Formation is a relative property, determined by end usage. The properties of levelness and smoothness are dependent upon the paper's uniform formation. When the formation is wild, the paper will not possess good qualities of levelness or smoothness.

Final proof before sending a letterpress form to the electrotyper.

Solution used in the water fountain of offset presses; usually contains water, gum arabic and an etch.

Primary process ink colors, magenta (red), cyan (blue), and yellow plus black ink.

Originally it described the wet end of the early paper machine developed by Louis Robert and financed by Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier. Today, in general terms, it may be used to refer to the entire machine including the dry end.

Non-processed carbon in a continuous form held in place by crimps along each edge.

The word "free" in this context means free from mechanical pulp. The definition issued by the U.S. Bureau of Census and by the Custom Cooperation Council for world trade permits up to 10% mechanical pulp content in paper termed "free sheet". The definition used by some individual buyers requires the fiber content to be totally free of mechanical pulp, i.e. 100% chemical pulp.

High finish applied to paper by passing the web through chilled iron rolls, one large and one small, revolving at different peripheral speeds. The rolling friction between the two rolls produces a highly glazed surface.

Inks which are not permanent, which fade or change color when exposed to light.

Form with no limit on the area to be imprinted.

Carbon paper coated completely on one surface.

The term used to refer to TCDF. TCDF is the abbreviation for 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-furan. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF), TCDF is one-tenth as toxic as TCDD. (See also the definition for dioxin).

The mixture of various materials blended in stock suspension from which paper or paperboard is made.

In printing, wood or metal used to fill in blank spaces in type forms during lock-up.

Loose fibers or lint on the surface of uncoated papers. Instruments for detecting fuzz are the Hammermill Fuzz Tester and the Patra Fuzz Tester.